What are the literary elements of plot, characterization, setting, and point of view?

There are four parts to plot: EXPOSITION (the background information you need to understand the story and introduction of characters) RISING ACTION (the complications that lead to the climax)  CLIMAX (the point of highest reader interest) and the RESOLUTION (how things are resolved).  Some people also say there is a falling action (between climax and resolution), but in modern literature, that is more and more rare. 

There are several types of characterization the two main types are DIRECT and INDIRECT.  DIRECT characterization is when someone in the novel or movie directly state what a character is like.  Example, "That guy is a real jerk!"  INDIRECT characterization can happen lots of ways.  It could be through what someone thinks, or says about someone else, the way someone acts, the way others react to a character, or just through the way a character appears - writers like to play on stereotypes that way. 

SETTING can include the place where the story is happening, the time in which the story is happening, and it can sometimes include the weather.

There are three main points of views.  There's FIRST PERSON: that's when the main character is telling the story.  In these stories you'll notice the story being told from that person's perspective and you'll notice the use of the pronoun "I" and "me" a great deal.  You'll only know what that character is thinking or feeling.  Then there's THIRD PERSON LIMITED: that's when it seems like someone's looking in on the story and telling what's happening to a character.  However, we still don't know what every character is thinking or saying - that's why it's called 'limited.'  You'll notice "he" and "she" used in the telling of the story rather than "I" or "me."  Lastly, there's THIRD PERSON OMNISCIENT: this point of view is when the narrator knows everything about every character in the story and shares the information to advance the plot.  The narrator still uses "he" and "she" and also knows what every character is feeling and thinking.  There's also second person, but that is so rarely used that it's not worth going into detail about.