Hamlet is being satirical here. He says he knows an angel that can read Claudius' mind. Though a soul trapped in Purgatory, and not an angel, Hamlet's supernatural source is, of course, his father. The Ghost told Hamlet of the murderous, adulterous, and incestuous marriage in Act I. Now, Hamlet is mocking it, pretending to ordain it using traditionally Christian vows:
Have you not read that from the beginning the Creator 'made them male and female...and the two shall become one flesh.'? So they are no longer two but one flesh. Therefore, what God has joined together, no human being must separate." [Matt 19:4-6]
According to the Christian "One-flesh Union," Hamlet practices metonymy here, calling Claudius his mother. Rather Freudian, wouldn't you say? Obviously he's joking, and Claudius also plays along.
The other joke in the exchange is the England references. Hamlet knows Claudius wants to send him to his death, and so he invites him along for the ride. Foreshadowing Act V.
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