The most obvious rhetorical device in this short speech is the anaphora that Lincoln uses at the start of the last paragraph. He says "we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow." When you use the same word or words at the start of a bunch of consecutive clauses, that's anaphora.
In this case, Lincoln is using this device to emphasize that the people gathered there were not the important ones. He was drawing attention to the sacrifices made by the soldiers.
Later on in that paragraph, Lincoln tries to make the same poin when he uses antithesis. This is where a speaker contrasts ideas by putting them close together. He says, for example,
The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.
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