Explain the progress/development of 'cell phones'?

it all started with ham radio. then it progressed into the police using a handheld phone radio to the base station. there was a button in the hand set to squeeze for talking.

then as ham radio progressed they made a repeater. located it on top of a mountain the Western Massachusetts. there they set one up for the state police to use. that allowed one policeman to talk over a mountain to base many miles away.

as ham radio progressed it went into hand held units almost as big in some cases as a attache case...mostly battery. and walkie talkies came as the transistors were made into IC chips.

from there as batteries and many more repeaters were made and linked together, ham radio operators could talk across a state using 1 watt of power. some of these repeaters were linked across the whole West coast from Mexico to Canada. and since receivers were made better they could be accessed with 1/10 watt low power. it made batteries last longer.

some hams also made a repeater that was capable of dialing a phone and were talking on their radios long before cell radios were made. but it allowed the police radios handsets from the 1950s to be made into a radio phone service. but everybody had to get a radio operators liscense to use one. very expensive at that. there were only a few channels then and you had to call the operator and have him/her dial your number....."over" as radio communication was only capable of one way talking at a time.

as ham radio progressed some using the newest IC chips made them smaller and more energy efficient added small computers into it. it allowed the to scan digitally several frequencies. eventually several bands not just the ones they were operating on.

voting receivers were developed. it allowed the best receiving repeater to listen and rebroadcast a transmission.

the voting receivers were developed into what is now called a cell site. in a city like NYC several of these sites helped further police talking.

some of the first phones were breif case sized or mounted in cars. but as ham radio progressed so did the minaturization of phones to a single as quoted above brick sized one was made. most of the so called brick was battery.

eventually the size was made smaller each year due to the IC chip being made into almost one chip the samller the less battery was needed to operate it.

soon I understand you will have a cell phone capable of receiving a satellite TV broadcast......coming soon.

hope that fills in the gaps left by brettd.

How does the statement below relate to Laila's reaction to becoming pregnant with Rasheed's child, and what lessons does she apply from her...

Although Laila felt that her two brothers garnered most of the love of her mother, she also knew that she was the apple of her father's eye. Laila did experience love in her household, and she hoped that by giving birth to another child, even with Rasheed, there would be a new spark of love within their own home. Giving Rasheed a boy that he could shower with attention might distract him from the constant terror that he brought to his wives. Laila also knew that her own love for the boy might also bring her joy, bringing a harmony into the home that was desperately needed. Laila was different from her mother, and she knew there was room in her heart for the love of another child. She also hopes that this new child will bring out the motherly instincts in Mariam, giving her something to love in her otherwise unhappy world.

Former senator william s. cohen noted that "the danger inherent in a congressional committee investigtion is that the person under scrutiny willnot...

There are plenty of examples to choose from to reinforce this idea.  Clarence Thomas now has a lifetime appointment to the Supreme Court, but no one who was alive and watching during his confirmation hearings is going to forget the lurid details of the sexual harassment charges against him in the early 1990's.

During the McCarthy Era of the Second Red Scare, thousands of Americans had their careers and reputations destroyed simply by public association with the idea of communism.  They never received an apology or compensation for this.

Some would argue that Bill Clinton's crime of perjury in the late 1990s, given that he lied about an affair which was not illegal even if it was unpopular and immoral, was not worth a year and a half long investigation and $34 million in costs, but right or wrong, his Presidency will forever be associated with that one event.  True, Clinton already had a bad reputation in that department, but the congressional impeachment hearings were quite the circus, and they had their desired effect.

Act 1, Scene 1 how does Shakespeare engage his audience?stage directions,action sequences,comedy,drama,language

Shakespeare engages the audience in Act I, scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet with his use of puns.  A pun is a play on words.  In this scene, Shakespeare uses the servents of the Capulet and Montague households to begin quarrelling.  The banter back and forth exemplifies this technique of Shakespeare's.  For example, in the first three lines of the play, the words coals, colliers, choler, and collar are used in the conversation between Sampson and Gregory.

Address the impact that Franklin D. Roosevelt had on the American people after becoming president?

The main impact that FDR had on the people was to give them some amount of hope.  The Great Depression had caused many Americans to lose hope and it was FDR's attitude and his new programs that led them to be more hopeful.

FDR's programs did not end the Depression, though.  They made things better, but did not actually end it.  The Depression would not end until the US started gearing up for WWII.

So FDR's major impact was to make people less pessimistic about their lives and about the nation's prospects.

What sort of relationship exists between the narrator and Captain Torres in "Just Lather, That's All"?

Shaving with a long  open razor blade is a highly skilled job  requiring intense concentration: "taking pains to see that no single pore emitted a drop of blood." After lathering  his customer's beard with soap, the barber  begins to shave the beard with the sharpened razor. As the soap lather and the shaven hair collect on the long razor blade the barber will often pause and remove the lather  by stroking the razor on his own bare forearm and will continue shaving. If he pauses every now and then to wash the razor he will take a longer time and more importantly he will lose his concentration.

Although, the narrator-barber is "secretly a rebel, he was also a conscientious barber, proud of the preciseness of his profession."  So, the dilemma he faces now is whether to slit Captain Torres' throat or to give him a clean shave without nicking his skin. After quite a struggle within his mind he decides :"I don't want blood on my hands. Just lather that's all."

He puns on the word "blood" to ironically emphasise the fact that "he is a good barber. The best in town." Blood could either mean the blood when he nicks Torres's skin and collects it alongwith the lather on his forearm in which case he would not be regarded as an expert barber or the blood if he murders Torres by slitting his neck, in which case he would be branded a murderer.

The narrator is keen to be known only as an expert barber-only lather on his hands.

The reader is impressed and deeply moved by the magnanimity and the sense of honor displayed by the narrator and the relationship between the narrator-barber and Captain Torres can best be described as "the hunted becoming the hunter!"

How does Anthem relate to the search for an identity?

Anthem is one example in a long series of examples of what is usually referred to as "Dystopian Literature"; that is, literature which depicts the antithesis to the usual Utopian concept of a totally free and progressive society which has eradicated all its crime, disorder, etc. and has evolved into a state of social perfection.

Like Brave New World and 1984, Anthem presents Ayn Rand's view of such a society, which appears to be Utopian, but in reality every aspect of the society is corrupt in some way or other. In almost all dystopian stories (with very very few exceptions) society is controlled by some central oligarchy or a network of nodes of control to keep the members of society from deviating from the expected happy bliss of complete compliance with the rules. In Rand's world, a fragment of post-apocalyptic New York City, the people have been thrown back into a medieval world of intense control through primitivistic social structure and governance. The search for identity is the whole point of the novel, bearing out Rand's social theory. However, as Rand points out in her works over and again, man's liberty and individualism is an end in and of itself, so conformity to rules must always be consensual, not forced. Force is the ultimate violation of the individual, so it is the centerpiece of any dystopia. In this world, "We" is the essential collectivistic format of societal structure. Therefore, seeking an identity apart from others amplifies Rand's central notion of Objectivism: Man's existence is an end unto itself, and collectivism is the antithesis of this tendency.

Only when the protagonist evolves enough to see his own individuality is he able to begin to act as an individual, face his own fears, and then defy his society's laws. His eventual liberation is a Rand new dawn of life free from institutionalized collective life.