Explain the progress/development of 'cell phones'?

it all started with ham radio. then it progressed into the police using a handheld phone radio to the base station. there was a button in the hand set to squeeze for talking.

then as ham radio progressed they made a repeater. located it on top of a mountain the Western Massachusetts. there they set one up for the state police to use. that allowed one policeman to talk over a mountain to base many miles away.

as ham radio progressed it went into hand held units almost as big in some cases as a attache case...mostly battery. and walkie talkies came as the transistors were made into IC chips.

from there as batteries and many more repeaters were made and linked together, ham radio operators could talk across a state using 1 watt of power. some of these repeaters were linked across the whole West coast from Mexico to Canada. and since receivers were made better they could be accessed with 1/10 watt low power. it made batteries last longer.

some hams also made a repeater that was capable of dialing a phone and were talking on their radios long before cell radios were made. but it allowed the police radios handsets from the 1950s to be made into a radio phone service. but everybody had to get a radio operators liscense to use one. very expensive at that. there were only a few channels then and you had to call the operator and have him/her dial your number....."over" as radio communication was only capable of one way talking at a time.

as ham radio progressed some using the newest IC chips made them smaller and more energy efficient added small computers into it. it allowed the to scan digitally several frequencies. eventually several bands not just the ones they were operating on.

voting receivers were developed. it allowed the best receiving repeater to listen and rebroadcast a transmission.

the voting receivers were developed into what is now called a cell site. in a city like NYC several of these sites helped further police talking.

some of the first phones were breif case sized or mounted in cars. but as ham radio progressed so did the minaturization of phones to a single as quoted above brick sized one was made. most of the so called brick was battery.

eventually the size was made smaller each year due to the IC chip being made into almost one chip the samller the less battery was needed to operate it.

soon I understand you will have a cell phone capable of receiving a satellite TV broadcast......coming soon.

hope that fills in the gaps left by brettd.

How does the statement below relate to Laila's reaction to becoming pregnant with Rasheed's child, and what lessons does she apply from her...

Although Laila felt that her two brothers garnered most of the love of her mother, she also knew that she was the apple of her father's eye. Laila did experience love in her household, and she hoped that by giving birth to another child, even with Rasheed, there would be a new spark of love within their own home. Giving Rasheed a boy that he could shower with attention might distract him from the constant terror that he brought to his wives. Laila also knew that her own love for the boy might also bring her joy, bringing a harmony into the home that was desperately needed. Laila was different from her mother, and she knew there was room in her heart for the love of another child. She also hopes that this new child will bring out the motherly instincts in Mariam, giving her something to love in her otherwise unhappy world.

Former senator william s. cohen noted that "the danger inherent in a congressional committee investigtion is that the person under scrutiny willnot...

There are plenty of examples to choose from to reinforce this idea.  Clarence Thomas now has a lifetime appointment to the Supreme Court, but no one who was alive and watching during his confirmation hearings is going to forget the lurid details of the sexual harassment charges against him in the early 1990's.

During the McCarthy Era of the Second Red Scare, thousands of Americans had their careers and reputations destroyed simply by public association with the idea of communism.  They never received an apology or compensation for this.

Some would argue that Bill Clinton's crime of perjury in the late 1990s, given that he lied about an affair which was not illegal even if it was unpopular and immoral, was not worth a year and a half long investigation and $34 million in costs, but right or wrong, his Presidency will forever be associated with that one event.  True, Clinton already had a bad reputation in that department, but the congressional impeachment hearings were quite the circus, and they had their desired effect.

Act 1, Scene 1 how does Shakespeare engage his audience?stage directions,action sequences,comedy,drama,language

Shakespeare engages the audience in Act I, scene 1 of Romeo and Juliet with his use of puns.  A pun is a play on words.  In this scene, Shakespeare uses the servents of the Capulet and Montague households to begin quarrelling.  The banter back and forth exemplifies this technique of Shakespeare's.  For example, in the first three lines of the play, the words coals, colliers, choler, and collar are used in the conversation between Sampson and Gregory.

Address the impact that Franklin D. Roosevelt had on the American people after becoming president?

The main impact that FDR had on the people was to give them some amount of hope.  The Great Depression had caused many Americans to lose hope and it was FDR's attitude and his new programs that led them to be more hopeful.

FDR's programs did not end the Depression, though.  They made things better, but did not actually end it.  The Depression would not end until the US started gearing up for WWII.

So FDR's major impact was to make people less pessimistic about their lives and about the nation's prospects.

What sort of relationship exists between the narrator and Captain Torres in "Just Lather, That's All"?

Shaving with a long  open razor blade is a highly skilled job  requiring intense concentration: "taking pains to see that no single pore emitted a drop of blood." After lathering  his customer's beard with soap, the barber  begins to shave the beard with the sharpened razor. As the soap lather and the shaven hair collect on the long razor blade the barber will often pause and remove the lather  by stroking the razor on his own bare forearm and will continue shaving. If he pauses every now and then to wash the razor he will take a longer time and more importantly he will lose his concentration.

Although, the narrator-barber is "secretly a rebel, he was also a conscientious barber, proud of the preciseness of his profession."  So, the dilemma he faces now is whether to slit Captain Torres' throat or to give him a clean shave without nicking his skin. After quite a struggle within his mind he decides :"I don't want blood on my hands. Just lather that's all."

He puns on the word "blood" to ironically emphasise the fact that "he is a good barber. The best in town." Blood could either mean the blood when he nicks Torres's skin and collects it alongwith the lather on his forearm in which case he would not be regarded as an expert barber or the blood if he murders Torres by slitting his neck, in which case he would be branded a murderer.

The narrator is keen to be known only as an expert barber-only lather on his hands.

The reader is impressed and deeply moved by the magnanimity and the sense of honor displayed by the narrator and the relationship between the narrator-barber and Captain Torres can best be described as "the hunted becoming the hunter!"

How does Anthem relate to the search for an identity?

Anthem is one example in a long series of examples of what is usually referred to as "Dystopian Literature"; that is, literature which depicts the antithesis to the usual Utopian concept of a totally free and progressive society which has eradicated all its crime, disorder, etc. and has evolved into a state of social perfection.

Like Brave New World and 1984, Anthem presents Ayn Rand's view of such a society, which appears to be Utopian, but in reality every aspect of the society is corrupt in some way or other. In almost all dystopian stories (with very very few exceptions) society is controlled by some central oligarchy or a network of nodes of control to keep the members of society from deviating from the expected happy bliss of complete compliance with the rules. In Rand's world, a fragment of post-apocalyptic New York City, the people have been thrown back into a medieval world of intense control through primitivistic social structure and governance. The search for identity is the whole point of the novel, bearing out Rand's social theory. However, as Rand points out in her works over and again, man's liberty and individualism is an end in and of itself, so conformity to rules must always be consensual, not forced. Force is the ultimate violation of the individual, so it is the centerpiece of any dystopia. In this world, "We" is the essential collectivistic format of societal structure. Therefore, seeking an identity apart from others amplifies Rand's central notion of Objectivism: Man's existence is an end unto itself, and collectivism is the antithesis of this tendency.

Only when the protagonist evolves enough to see his own individuality is he able to begin to act as an individual, face his own fears, and then defy his society's laws. His eventual liberation is a Rand new dawn of life free from institutionalized collective life.

The story of the ranch seems to embody the main theme of the novel. What does Steinbeck emphasize through the dream of the ranch?

On a personal level, in Of Mice and Men, Lennie and George are misfits:  Lennie because of his mental state, George because he takes care of Lennie.

Ironically, Lennie is aware he causes problems in a vague way, but really doesn't understand his behavior and is powerless to stop it.  George understands the behavior, and spends much of his thought and actions trying to prevent it, but he is also powerless to stop it.  As a result, they are not welcome anywhere for very long, and saying "not welcome anywhere" is an understatement, of course. 

The dream of the ranch and the rabbits is a dream of a place where they would be always welcome.  Lennie could pet rabbits all he wants, and George would not have to worry about Lennie. 

Of course, in keeping with the economic situation in the novel, and by extension in the U.S. and other places, of course, this dream is an illusion.  It's illusory not only because of economics, however, but also because society has no place for someone like Lennie:  society has no means to treat or accept or maintain someone in Lennie's mental condition.   

I need to find two quotes in chapter 7 from Into The Wild which prove that McCandless actually lives by his words or not.i'd like help very much,...

McCandless was completely focused on traveling to Alaska, and experience the wilderness independently.  He planned on leaving in April, and when Westerberg asked him to delay his departure to work a little longer, and even offered him a plane ticket to Alaska to save some time, McCandless refused, saying, "No, I want to hitch north.  Flying would be cheating.  It would wreck the whole trip".

Also, McCandless apparently believed, in agreement with writers such as Tolstoy and Thoreau, in the value of chastity and denouncing "the demands of the flesh".  Krakauer notes that he lived by this belief as well, saying, "it seems that McCandless was drawn to women but remained largely or entirely celibate, as chaste as a monk".

In chapter 3, how is Nick different than the other people at Gatsby's party?

In The Great Gatsby, at Gatsby's party in chapter three, Nick is an outsider.  He is from the Midwest not from the East, and he is not from the same social circles or economic class as the other guests.

He is an outsider throughout the novel.  He watches Gatsby's story develop from the outside, without direct involvement.  He is present, and performs little tasks like inviting Daisy to tea so Gatsby can be there and meet her after not seeing her for five years, but he is still an outsider. 

This is his role as narrator.  If he were "one of them," his narration of necessity would be different.  But he is not.  Not at the party and not at anytime in the novel.   

This sets up the contrast between Midwestern values and Eastern, the contrast between the myth of the American Dream and the reality, and the value judgments about easterners like Tom.

"Trifles" is about gender difference and inequality in early 20th century rural USA. How is this theme dramatized through the roller towel and...

The title "trifles" refers to domestic matters or concerns that the men consider insignificant and funny. Ironically, these trifles have a profound impact on life, death, and judgment in the play. They reveal the shape of the pathetic life of the Wrights, and also the events leading up to the murder. The men’s mocking attitude and the women’s sensitivity to trifles underscore the basic distinctions in the play.

The roller trowel and broken jar are true trifles, but to the two women investigators, they underscore Minnie Wright's character as a person who loved to do her own canning and baking, things the husband would never tolerate.

The Great Gatsby Title questionThink about the novel’s title. There are at least three different ways to interpret it. Can you come up with...

Concerning The Great Gatsby, one might consider Gatsby great because he loves purely and totally and completely. 

This is his tragic flaw, if jargon usually reserved for tragedy can be applied to the novel.  His love is idealistic and misguided, and ends up getting him killed, but it is poignant and is the driving force behind everything else Gatsby does.  While Gatsby may well be the most miserable person in the novel because he does not have the object of his love, he may also be the happiest, because he does love as he does.  The novel is first and foremost a love story, so one should look to love when examining the title. 

Of course, Gatsby is also "great" in the sense that he started poor and has achieved the American Dream.  And he's seen as somewhat of a circus attraction by people who frequent his lavish parties. 

And there is another possibility, also.  Some view the title as ironic.  The "great" Gatsby achieves his wealth by illegal means, and is really nothing more than a love-sick grown up who never grew out of adolescence.  This is a minority view, however.

From the short story "The Outcasts of Poker Flat," how could you analyze John Oakhurst's character?

Oakhurst is an interesting character. He is called both the strongest and the weakest of the outcasts. Although he had great leadership qualities, it was he who committed suicide and gave up without saving himself or the party.

Throughout the story, he is depicted as a man of strong moral character. Despite his career as a gambler, he is an honest and fair man. These traits are evident in the way he handled Tom's loss to him. Rather than just taking the Innocent's money, he gave it back and warned him against gambling in the future.

Oakhurst shows leadership and intelligence. It is he who first understands the party's terrible predicament. So he does everything he can to protect Tom and Piney: He suggests they move on alone, and when that fails, he rations the food and keeps the order and assumes the largest part of the responsibilities, including the major part of night watch. He is the one who fashions the snow shoes so that Tom can get help. But he knows this is too late. Perhaps if he had sent Tom a day or two earlier, they all might have lived. When he realizes his error and knows that he will not survive until the rescue party arrives, he cuts the firewood for the women.

But he does kill himself. He is too afraid/weak to face a slow death.

So in short, he seems to be a series of contradictions. He is intelligent but too cautious, shrewd but fair, a good leader but a failed leader, strong but weak.

Check the links below for more information on the themes and characters.

George Orwell’s essay “Shooting an Elephant” tends to provide strong emotions. How is this done and what emotions is Orwell trying to...

First of all, concerning Orwell's "Shooting an Elephant," Orwell presents powerful ideas--that the English should get out of Burma as quickly as possible, and that the English, by subjecting others to their will, actually lose their own freedom--and powerful ideas usually evoke powerful emotions in those that receive the ideas--in this case, readers.  Orwell, or his speaker, is decidedly against imperialism in this essay, and he does seek to evoke strong emotions in the reader in order to inform and persuade.

He presents his ideas in numerous ways, far too many to cover thoroughly here.  But I'll explain a few for you.

Let's look at the actual killing of the elephant.  Emotion is evoked in this scene by the use of precise and insightful description.  Orwell writes:

In that instant, in too short a time, one would have thought, even for the bullet to get there, a mysterious, terrible change had come over the elephant.  He neither stirred nor fell, but every line on his body had altered.  He looked suddenly stricken, shrunken, immensely old, as though the frightful impact of the bullet had paralyzed him without knocking him down.  At last, after what seemed a long time--it might have been five seconds, I dare say--he sagged flabbily to his knees.

Look at the diction, or word choice, and the phrasing: 

• mysterious, terrible change


• stricken, shrunken, immensely old


• frightful impact


• paralyzed, without knocking him down


• sagged flabbily to his knees

And notice the image created by "paralyzed him without knocking him down."  The description, diction, phrasing, imagery all present concrete details that evoke powerful emotion in the reader. 

And the elephant scene is, of course, central to Orwell's ideas.  He is an outsider forced to do what he doesn't want to do by the crowd of insiders surrounding him, and his action is loaded with ambiguity concerning its consequences. 

Orwell tries to evoke pity, disgust, righteous indignation.  He wants readers to decide that imperialism destroys both the colonizers and the colonized.

In "The Monkey's Paw," what did Morris mean when he said "If you must wish ... wish for something sensible?"

One of the most relevant lessons of life for our times and young people, especially, is used in "The Monkey's Paw" by W.W. Jacobs.  This lesson is expressed in the old maxim, "Be careful what you wish for; you may get just receive your wish."  In other words, importantly, a person should always think through his/her desires and choices.  Otherwise, the consequences may not be what one anticipates.

The Whites' wish is a very pregnant example of the value of the old maxim.  Not once, but twice, do the Whites not consider the full ramifications of their wishes despite the old soldier's warnings and his regarding of Herbert White

in the way that middle age is wont to regard presumptuous youth.

Sergeant Major Morris understands the potential for Herbert White's not making a "sensible" wish.  His statement is, of course, a foreshadowing of the tragic end of Jacobs's story.

Why do the Pilgrim's want to prevent the Miller from telling his tale? How does the Miller feel about love in The Canterbury Tales?Prologue pages...

The pilgrims wish to prevent the Miller from telling his story because not only is he drunk, but he's far below the Knight in terms of hierarchical order. His rude behavior and insistence upon telling the next story appals the other pilgrims to the point of finally giving in to the Miller's request. It can be surmised from the text that the Miller felt his story would be a welcome one.He goes on to tell what is known as a fabliau, which involves silly and very lewd plot lines.

The Miller's tale tells of an old carpenter married to a beautiful young woman named Alison. They house a young, struggling scholar. It is implied that the young Alison is disenchanted with her older husband, and as the story progresses, she develops a desire for the young scholar, Nicholas. They transpire to hook up one night. Whilst this tryst is taking place, a clerk for the local church decides that he too wants to have a relationship with the beautiful Alison, so he sets his sights on getting a kiss from her. Basically, Alison and Nicholas trick the carpentar into thinking that another flood is coming and that they must prepare, so he hangs three huge tubs from the ceiling and fills them with supplies to keep them alive. By the end of it he is so tired that he falls into a deep sleep and Alison and her lover sneak into bed together. Then the clerk shows up asking for a kiss and Alison sticks her butt out for him to kiss. This angers him and so he comes back with a hot prod, but this time the scholar sticks his butt out, and gets burned. In the end the caprenter is made a fool of.

This tale suggests that the Miller resents the concept of love and marriage, as he points out its flaws.  

What is the dilemma faced by the poet in the poem "The Road Not Taken"?

Poetry is all about interpretation. Lots of times we look for a specific interpretation as teachers, but part of reading well is reading in between the lines and digging out a personal meaning for yourself.

The dilemma as I see it (a mere interpreter) is the problem of choice. We make choices every day. Sometimes we get tired of these decisions and stress or struggle over actually getting a decision made. Sometimes the decisions are so insignificant that the choice doesn't even matter. Other times the decision "makes all the difference."

Frost's closing words demonstrate that he chose the road less traveled and that the result of that choice has made a difference. Lots of people do like to use those last few words to teach the concepts that sometimes choosing the hard working route in life earns you a great difference, a significant difference. Frost doesn't specify what the difference is, just that it exists.

The dilemma was simple: making a choice. The result of the dilemma is a much more complex unknown, what was that difference? I guess that's why he left it unknown, we should each seek to discover that for ourselves.

In Hosseini's novels, what are Hassan's and Mariam's reasons for decisions for giving their lives for the sake of their friends?Why did Hassan and...

Hassan--Hosseini's character from his first novel The Kite Runner does not literally give his life for his friend.  Yes, he does sacrifice his innocence by not giving up the kite that Amir wants to badly, but he does not sacrifice his life.  Later in the novel when Hassan is killed by a Talib, you might argue that he is killed trying to protect Baba and Amir's home, but even then Amir has long been out of his life.  None of that is to weaken, however, Hassan's loyalty to Amir.  Because Hassan never betrayed Amir to Baba and because he forgave Amir even when Amir did not ask for forgiveness, he is able to have an indirect influence on the novel's narrator.  When Amir returns to Afghanistan in that last third of the novel, he does so in an effort to redeem himself for betraying Hassan and eventually saves Hassan's son Sohrab.

Mariam--Mariam's journey is slightly more difficult than Hassan's because she is rejected by her own mother and father and suffers years of abuse at the hands of her husband.  Unlike Hassan, Mariam is actually put in a position where she literally sacrifices her life for Laila and Laila's family.  She takes the blame for Rasheed's death so that the younger Laila has a chance at happiness.  What Mariam teaches Laila through her sacrifice is that even in the midst of the greatest tragedy and happiness there is still hope for a better future.

Is Mathilde's situation a dilemma or a predicament? Explain your answer.Short story "The Necklace."

Concerning your question about "The Necklace," there may be a philosophical or other definition of these two words that I'm not aware of.  Using dictionary definitions, though, Mathilde's situation is probably more of a dilemma than a predicament.

A predicament is a difficult or perplexing or trying situation.  A dilemma is a usually undesirable or unpleasant choice.  There's a fine line between the two, and I believe I could make an argument either way.  But for the sake of an assignment, I'd choose dilemma.

Mathilde faces an unpleasant choice.  Neither option available to her is a good one.  She can tell her friend that she lost the necklace and face, she thinks, humiliation, or she can borrow everything possible, cut expenses, and work endlessly for years to pay the money back.  Her future is dependent on her decision. 

I believe predicament would be more of a situation than a decision.  Something like getting a flat tire in the middle of a desert, or something like that.  I think you're safe going with dilemma. 

Analyze the key elements of Franklin D. Roosevelt's first New Deal program.Also, to what degree did these succeed in getting the economy back on...

One of the key elements of Reform mentioned in the list of acronyms is the creation of the FDIC; namely, the Federal Depositi Insurance Corporation, which, to this day, insures deposits up to a certain amount of money so that investors will not lose everything is there is another "crash."  With his Emergency Banking Act of 1933, the Federal Reserve banks reopened, and billions of dollars of hoarded currency and gold flowed back into these banks, thus stabilizing them.  This creation of the FDIC is one of the fail-safes that have prevented other recessions such as that of 1975 and the current one from becoming a full blown economic depression. 

While the WPA of 1935, or Works Project Administration created jobs for men, it did not help women--other than widows or wives of disabled men--procure jobs until 1941.  Federal Art Projects were also begun.  One such project gave 162 trained artists the opportunity to paint murals or create statues for post offices.

Convinced that the economy would not stabilize until farming became prosperous, Franklin directed many programs to farmers. The AAA, Agricultural Adjustment Administration, began in 1933; its aim was to raise prices for commodities through artificial scarcity.  So, the AAA paid farmers for leaving some of their land idle.  While farmers incomes rose in the first three years of this program, a Gallup Poll revealed that most Americans were against this program.  Nevertheless, the government to this day pays farmers not to plant and not to utilize all their land.

More income came to legitimate businesses with the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, as well.  Also, in 1933, the National Industrial Recovery Act was passed insuring workers raises as the value of products increased.

How do I find the page numbers of quotes I copied from book I returned to library? Analysis paper due tomorrow.

If you know the edition of the book, you can try searching for it under "Google Books" an this sometimes allows you to preview the book's individual pages. Two drawbacks to this method: you have to know the general area of the book you found the quote in to find it again, and most previews have significant numbers of pages missing.

You could try Googling the pertinent phrase or quote and see if the page number of a Google Books entry comes up that way, but, depending on the book, there may be more than one edition available and page numbers would not be consistent from one edition to another.

The important thing to remember is to cite all your sources and give credit where it is due! So at least you're making this effort. Explain to your instructor what happened and maybe they can suggest how they want you to rectify the situation.

Why do Sampson and Gregory fight with Montague's men?

In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the first line of the play, spoken by the chorus, establishes the situation Sampson and Gregory demonstrate in the opening scene you ask about.  The play begins:

Two households both alike in dignity,

In fair Verona where we lay our scene

From ancient grudge, break to new mutiny,

Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean:...

The reason Sampson and Gregory want to fight Montagues is no good reason at all--an "ancient grudge."  And recently it has flared into "new mutiny."  The two Capulets are like almost everyone else in the play:  full of blind hatred and bigotry and machismo. 

In the opening scene, Gregory teases Sampson that he is slow to strike, and Samson replies that

A dog in the house of Montague moves me [to strike].

He not only implies that he is quick to anger by the presence of a Montague, but calls them dogs in the process. 

The two then talk about not moving aside when walking by Montagues, then turn that into jokes about putting Montague maids against the wall, a sexual joke. 

The two want to fight for the sake of fighting, and particularly for the sake of fighting Montagues.  And, of course, for no good reason, that's what happens. 

What are the rules that the boys make up?

In the beginning of the story The Lord of the Flies the boys try and establish some kind of order to maintain civilized behavior.  The first rule established is about the conch shell.  The rule is that whoever holds the shell is the speaker and everyone else should be quiet and listen.  The next rule the children set into place is to determine a person in charge and they voe for Ralph.  Ralph then goes on to establish different positions such as the hunters.  He appoints Jack's group as the hunters and they will provide food.  Another rule is that the fire will be kept going.

It should be noted that as the boys begin to draw towards Jack's side, the rules change and many fall away.  The fire goes out, the shell is destroyed, and Civilization breaks down.

Why do you think that Shakespeare opens with the witches in Macbeth?

The opening of any Shakespeare play, including Macbeth, is about exposition. 

In the short opening scene, Act 1.1, the following is revealed:

• The weather, thunder and lightning.  This is not a "sunny" play.


• The witches:  the supernatural will be prevalent.


• The witches will meet again in "thunder, lightning, or in rain?"  Again, sunshine is not an option.


• A battle is going on--the hurly-burly.  Definitely necessary information.


• They'll be meeting on a "heath," which has negative, wild connotations.


• They'll be meeting someone named "Macbeth."


• The witches call on spirits for help.


• Things are not as they seem or are supposed to be:  what's fair is actually foul and what is foul is actually fair.


• The air is foggy and filthy.

The mood and atmosphere are set for the play here, as well as the main character and dominant themes introduced.

Concerning why witches are used instead of any other means, any answer is partly speculation.  We can't go back and read Shakespeare's mind. 

At the same time, the effects of using witches are evident.  In addition to the list of what the witches reveal, we know that Macbeth will later be associated with the witches when he echoes the fair and foul line, and we know that the witches serve as the catalyst for the plot and the conflict.  It is the predictions the witches make that ignite Macbeth on his course of action. 

And, by the way, James I, the reigning monarch at the time the play was first produced, was fascinated by witches.  That may have influenced Shakespeare a bit.

Can anyone explain to me why 'Berenice' is often referred to as a vampire story? Poe seemed to have a preoccupation with teeth (shown also,...

Ah, well there are other things about vampires besides "teeth". For example, they are immortal:

But it is mere idleness to say that I had not lived before - that the soul has no previous existence. You deny it? - let us not argue the matter. Convinced myself, I seek not to convince. There is, however, a remembrance of aerial forms - of spiritual and meaning eyes - of sounds, musical yet sad - a remembrance which will not be excluded; a memory like a shadow - vague, variable, indefinite, unsteady; and like a shadow, too, in the impossibility of my getting rid of it while the sunlight of my reason shall exist

Also, what is the strange illness that Egaeus and Berenice have and why do they always have to stay in the shadows? Vampires do not like light:

Through the gray of the early morning - among the trellised shadows of the forest at noonday - and in the silence of my library at night - she had flitted by my eyes

And then one day Berenice appears before him, but she doesn't seem alive. It sends a chill through him:

An icy chill ran through my frame; a sense of insufferable anxiety oppressed me; a consuming curiosity pervaded my soul;

And he looks upon Berenice, more dead than alive, and her mouth is open and he sees her teeth:

The eyes were lifeless, and lustreless, and seemingly pupilless, and I shrank involuntarily from their glassy stare to he contemplation of the thin and shrunken lips. They parted; and in a smile of peculiar meaning, the teeth of the changed Berenice disclosed themselves slowly to my view.

And then after she dies, one night he sees the blood and gore and the 32 teeth!

AGHGHGHGHG!!!

My personal opinion is that this very gothic tale by Poe is more of a ZOMBIE tale than a Vampire tale. Night of the living dead, as it were. If Berenice were a vampire, she would need those teeth. Ah, but maybe SHE is not the vampire. Or maybe HE is the vampire and SHE is the zombie. What do you think?

How did Mrs. Olinski pick her team in The View From Saturday?

Mrs. Olinski doesn't choose the students like most other teachers do. She doesn't hold a competition and pick her team based on the winners of the competition. She decides she will appoint them. When Mr. Singh asks her how she chose her team, she tells him she chose the members because she had watched them extend some act of kindness to another person. She had come back to teaching after a serious car accident had left her crippled. She's upset by the cruel actions of some of the students in her class, so it's more important for her to have kids on her team who are good and kind than to have the smartest kids who answer lots of questions quickly. 

How did the de'Medici family get so rich and powerful?The Rise of Italian Renaissance

The Medici family started out relatively modestly and built their power over the years.  People disagree on what business they got their start in, but they eventually got to be involved with textiles and then with banking.

As they rose in prominence, they got to be skilled at making alliances with other families.  In those days, this was done through making business deals.  But it was also, and perhaps more importantly, done by arranging marriages between the families.

So the Medicis got to be more powerful slowly, by playing the political game of their time and place.

In what ways does Miller use irony in The Crucible to manipulate the audience's sympathies?

Irony appears in several places in this play.  First of all, there is the irony that the girls are the ones guilty of witchcraft, but they are accusing everyone else.  The audience immediately feels guilty for their victims.  John Proctor, when trying to recite the ten commandments, accidentally omits the one about adultery.  Elizabeth has to remind him of it causing the audience to see and feel her pain.  Francis Nurse and Giles Corey provide evidence of their wives' innocence yet they are taken into custody.  And finally, at the end, the audience feels for John Proctor because to prove his innocence and his goodness, he is forced to make the decision to not confess and die.

How can these quotes be feminist or marxistSix months back he [Logan] had told her, "If Ah ... kin haul de wood heah and chop it fuh yuh, look lak...

In Chapter Four of Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, because Janie's grandmother has been worried about Janie's "budding," she has given Janie to the much older Logan Killicks for marriage so that Janie will be secure.  However, Janie soon discovers that "marriage did not make love."  Soon, Logan begins to resent Janie unhappiness, also feeling that Janie thinks she is better than he.  Logan concludes that Janie is spoiled and the grandmother thinks he will spoil her, as well.  So, he heads for town one day and tells Janie that she must help him next year in the garden.  In the passage, he informs Janie that she must chop some wood.  However, Janie refuses, saying that she has no intention of chopping wood.  Here Janie asserts her own will.  She later tells another husband,

Mah own mind had tuh be squeezed and crowded out tuh make room for yours in me.

Their Eyes Were Watching God is a novel of self-discovery, a young woman's realization that she is a person unto herself who needs care and love.

Is the wedding cake recipe actually real in Like Water for Chocolate?

The wedding cake you are referring to is known as Chabela Mexican Wedding Cake. Here is the recipe:

Ingredients:
175  g  Refined granulated sugar
300  g  Cake flour, sifted three
    Times
17    Eggs
    Grated peel of one lime

Directions:
Place 5 egg yolks, 4 whole eggs, and the sugar in a large bowl. Beat until the mixture thickens and then add 2 more whole eggs; repeat, adding the remaining eggs two at a time until all the eggs have been added. When the last two eggs have been beaten in, beat in the grated lime peel. When the mixture has thickened, stop beating and add the sifted flour, mixing it in a little at a time with a wooden spoon until it has all been incorporated. Finally, grease a pan with butter, dust with flour, and pour the batter into it. Bake for 30 minutes. For the Filling: 150 grams apricot paste 150 grams granulated sugar To Prepare the Filling: Heat the apricot paste together with a little bit of water; after the mixture comes to a boil, strain it, preferably through a hair or flour sieve, but a coarser strainer can be used if you don't have either of those. Place the paste in a pan, add the sugar, and heat, stirring constantly, until the mixture forms a marmalade. Remove from the heat and allow to cool slightly before spreading it on the middle layer of the cake, which, of course, has previously been sliced into layers. For the Fondant Icing: 800 grams granulated sugar 60 drops of lime juice plus enough water to dissolve the sugar To Prepare the Fondant: Combine the sugar and water in a pan and heat, stirring constantly, until the mixture comes to a boil. Strain into another pan and return to heat; add the lime juice and cook till it reaches the soft-ball stage, wiping the edge of the pan with a damp cloth periodically to prevent the sugar from crystalizing. When the mixture reaches that stage, pour into a damp pan, sprinkle with water, and allow to cool slightly. After it cools, beat with a wooden spoon until creamy. To ice the cake, add a tablespoon of milk to the fondant, heat until it softens, add a drop of red food color, and frost only the top part of the cake with the fondant icing. Meringue icing: 10 egg whites 500 grams of sugar Beat together until they reach the coarse-thread stage. Frost rest of cake with meringue icing.

It looks like a pretty complicated recipe to me because you have to make the cake, the filling, and then the icing. The filling consists of two parts - an apricot paste and a fondant. Fondant is hard to get right. You can buy fondant in a baking supplies store, but it is not the kind of fondant that I think would work in this recipe because you cannot beat fondant that you buy in the store.

Also, this would make a HUGE cake - do you want it to be that large?

If you are daring, you could try this cake, but if you want to make something else that is authentically Mexican, you could try one of the other recipes from the movie - if you do an online search, you can find them. And, there is a Tres Leche cake that is much easier to make and is delicious, but not mentioned in the novel however.

If you make the Chabela cake, don't forget to cry into it, as in the novel, otherwise it will not be authentic!

How could one change in a DNA nucleotide alter the formation of the translated protein?An example would be the difference between normal and...

DNA codes for proteins by the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA. Each set of 3 nucleotides codes for a specific amino acid. Sometimes, a change in a nucleotide does NOT change the amino acid (and therefore, the protein) because some amino acids have more than one set of 3 nucleotides that code for them. Leucine, for example, is coded for by CTT, CTA, CTC, and CTG. A change in the last nucleotide wouldn't matter. But for others, it matters very much. CAC codes for histidine, and CAA for glucagon. Also, if a nucleotide is added or lost from a strand of DNA it alters the entire sequence, as the "frame" shifts; the "reading" of the DNA is off, and all the sets of 3 are altered.

What does the quote "character is destiny" mean in reference to the play Hamlet?

Think about different characters and how their "character" or personality affects their fate.

For example, Polonius is a sneak and a gossip. It is fitting that he meets his end hiding behind a curtain.

Gertrude and Claudius have a conspiratorial character. They die by their own plans gone awry.

Hamlet is extremely intelligent, but he takes too long to make a decision. Part of his character is thoughtful weighing of consequences, and also a need to "be sure" of things. This is the reason he sets up the "Moustrap" play and also why he doesn't kill Claudius when he has a chance. This character trait will not serve him well in a situation that calls for swift action.

Mildred is horrified by the thought of Beatty's visit in Fahrenheit 451. What does she stand to lose?

If Beatty finds out what Guy Montag has been up to (and if he chooses to make an issue of it), Mildred can lose everything that is important to her.

Usually, you would think that would mean that she would lose her husband and that is what would horrify her.  But Montag really does not mean all that much to her.  The real problem, for Millie, would be losing the parlour walls.  If Guy is caught, the house will be burned down and there will go her "family."

So Millie is afraid of losing all the "people" that are important in her life.

Why does Pope not apply his definition of "Wit" from An Essay on Criticism to his poem The Rape of the Lock?In An Essay on Criticism, Alexander...

In An Essay on Criticism Pope uses "Wit" in two ways. In some instances, "Wit" means the poet writer: "Great Wits sometimes may gloriously offend, / And rise to Faults true Criticks dare not mend;". In some other instances "Wit" means intelligence or skill: "Pleas'd with a Work where nothing's just or fit; / One glaring Chaos and wild Heap of Wit;" "So Schismatics the plain Believers quit, / And are but damn'd for having too much Wit."

In your reference to "the definition of "Wit"," I believe you must be referring to this passage:

Some to Conceit alone their Taste confine,
And glitt'ring Thoughts struck out at ev'ry Line;
Pleas'd with a Work where nothing's just or fit;
One glaring Chaos and wild Heap of Wit;
Poets like Painters, thus, unskill'd to trace
The naked Nature and the living Grace,
With Gold and Jewels cover ev'ry Part,
And hide with Ornaments their Want of Art.
True Wit is Nature to Advantage drest,
What oft was Thought, but ne'er so well Exprest,
Something, whose Truth convinc'd at Sight we find,
That gives us back the Image of our Mind:
As Shades more sweetly recommend the Light,
So modest Plainness sets off sprightly Wit:
For Works may have more Wit than does 'em good,
As Bodies perish through Excess of Blood.

You'll notice Pope uses very many qualifying words such as alone, confine, every, nothing, glaring, wild. He refers to the poet to whom these qualifiers apply as "unskilled." He says this class of poet covers nature with "Gold and Jewels" over "ev'ry Part" because unable to show the "living Grace" of nature. This is a description of a poet who produces false poetry and Pope identifies it as full of extremes and extreme use of "Ornaments," what we call literary devices such as metaphor. It in necessary to note that in no wise does Pope disparage using literary devices, though he makes it quite clear he abhors the extreme overuse of literary devices to try to hide a lack of a poet's wit.

This answers your question then. While excessive use of literary devices, like metaphor and irony, is a mere cover-up for lack of intelligence and poetic skill, Pope admires the just and fitting use of literary devices such as the Greeks and Renaissance poet Wits gave such brilliant example of.

Therefore, in The Rape of the Lock, Pope was following in the "Rules" gleaned from his great predecessors and was most certainly not violating Wit through the witless excess of pointless "Ornaments" of literary devices as he described in the passage above.

Explain the ways in which Lydia's elopement with Wickham further the plot, and portray theme of "Pride and Prejudice."

The elopement is a crucial step in the plot development.  Keep in mind that as Lydia nad Wickham are eloping, Elizabeth is in the throes of confusion over her attitude towards Darcy.  She has regretted her harsh words towards him earlier on in the story, and has spent a wonderful couple of days at his home.  She heard glowing reports from his housekeeper and staff about his kindness and good character, and he himself has been all graciousness and civility and warmth to her and her aunt and uncle.  So, she is really wondering if her original assessment had been correct.  She still battles with holding herself above him though.

When they get the news of the elopement, Elizabeth realizes that she is truly out of the running for Darcy; she is now linked to a huge family scandal.  This makes her long to be in Darcy's favor even more.  Then, when she discovers, later on, how Darcy actually stepped in and made the situation right, it solidifies her good opinion of him, and her love for him.  The elopement brought her down in pride just a bit, and elevated him in her eyes; this all supports the main plotline of Darcy and Elizabeth overcoming their preconceived notions about one another.

This event also allows Darcy to show Elizabeth that he harbors no ill-will towards her, and to show her that he wants to make up for his messing up the situation with Jane and Bingley.  It's a chance for him to show her just how good he is, and how wrong she was about her assessment of him.

The elopement was a critical plot element in the storyline, one that turned Darcy and Elizabeth towards one another, revealing to each their own weaknesses and flaws, and providing a chance for them to make amends.  I hope that helped; good luck!

What rhetorical strategies does Poe use in the introduction to "The Fall of the House of Usher"?I need at least five rhetorical strategies.

He uses sound, especially alliteration:  dull, dark, dreary, desolate, decayed depression, dreariness--and this is just paragraph one.

He uses punctuation as a rhetorical strategy: in paragraph two the narrator frequently breaks us his speech, which the text signifies through the dash (--) to indicate his fragmented thoughts brought about by what he sees, the House of Usher.

He uses personification, referring to "eye-windows" twice in paragraph one.

He uses sensory images repeatedly to create mood: the day is "soundless," the trunks of the trees are "white," and there is an "iciness" about him.

He uses analogy: he feels a depression somewhat like the "after-dream" of opium; "it is like "the hideous dropping off of the veil." 

One for good luck:  he uses metaphor in paragraph two when he says "it was the apparent heart of the request."

What is the plot of Grendel?

The character of Grendel was not one of the major characters of Beowulf. John Gardner took the character of Grendel and wrote a retelling of the epic, using Grendel's side as the point of view. Previously, Grendel was seen as a vicious, soulless murderer, but here we see a vastly different depiction of the creature. Grendel is a thinking, reasoning, and soulful creature. He grapples with ideas of language and its uses.

The story is not told in a chronological fashion, but a mix of flashbacks and the present. The young Grendel becomes fascinated with language as a communication device, and learns to speak. He is especially enamored of poetry. Ironically, the blind poet used Grendel in one of his songs as the epitome of evil. It gives the men a lasting impression of Grendel. Grendel uses the power of language after his rampage of the men at the hall. While he has killed and eaten many men, he finds it useful to use his intelligence and words to hurt and degrade men in a different way.

The reflections of Grendel change the assumptions the reader had in the original epic, and make this character more sympathetic.

Why is the conclusion of The Lottery, a surprise?

Concerning the surprise ending of Jackson's "The Lottery," the ending is accomplished primarily by the use of an objective, detached point of view.  The people are acting normally in a normal-looking town, and that's all the information the narrator reveals to the reader.  Any other point of view would reveal too much information to maintain the surprise ending.  The lack of any thoughts being revealed, as well as the lack of any authorial intervention or explanation, enables the surprise ending to be effective.

Also, a small point, but I would refer to the stones being piled up, etc., as foreshadowing, rather than hinting.  Hinting implies that the writer is trying to get the reader to guess--in this case, to guess what's really going on.  And that's the last thing the story could afford.  Foreshadowing, in contrast, is not hint giving.  Foreshadowing gives the ending legitimacy once it occurs:  once the true nature of the lottery is revealed, it makes sense because the pile of stones and other details have previously been revealed.

What is the dramatic purpose of act 3, scene 5 in Romeo and Juliet?

This scene sheds light on why Juliet is so distanced from her mother.  When Juliet expresses her oppositon to marrying Paris (and thus defying her parents wishes for a monetarily beneficial match) Lady Capulet fumes:  "I would the fool were married to her grave!” Juliets mother will offer neither intervention nor consolation for her daughter.

This scene also serves to futher isolate Juliet from any adult who might give her wise guidance.  Even her beloved nurse abandons her; she too advocates marriage to Paris.  Juliet feels she has nowhere else to turn other than Friar Lawrence, whose occult-like schemes should be suspect to anyone with sense. 

The end of the act finds Juliet and Romeo alone in their immature ability to reason.  The result is the inevitable tragedy.

What is the irony at the end of Part 2 of Fahrenheit 451?

Being a fireman Montag puts himself in a compromising position by possessing all these books. He ends up confiding in his wife, which was a dire mistake because her loyalty is to the letter of the law and she turns him in.

Since it is the job of the fireman to burn books (start fire rather than put it out) at the end of part 2 it is ironic that the fireman have to go to the house of one of their own to burn books. Firemen should be setting the example for others in this society and instead Montag is a lover of literature.

What impression do you have of Portia and her relationship with Brutus from Act 2 of Julius Caesar?

Brutus and Portia have a strong and loving relationship.  Portia is naturally worried about Brutus, as she has observed a difference in his behavior.  He is not sleeping well, his temper is different, he is absent-minded and even when he is with her, he is not "with" her.  His mind is elsewhere and his distraction indicates to her, the observant wife, that something is wrong. 

She tries to convince him to talk with her...she even goes so far as to chide him for not sharing his internal conflicts with her.  She says she is "man" enough to handle it and that he should discuss matters with her in order to straighten them out in his head.  She tells him in 2. 1 that she is strong and loyal to him and she deserves to know the truth.  She threatens to give herself a voluntary wound in the thigh to prove that she can take the pain...both physically and emotionally...of whatever he has to say.

He responds with, "O ye gods, Render me worthy of this noble wife!"   He tells her he will share with her his problem later, and they are interrupted by a knock at the door.

Portia sends Lucius to observe Brutus at the Senate on March 15, and orders him to come back and report to her.  She is a good wife.

Strongest and weakest ponits of The Crucible? Do you recommend the Movie The Crucible? Explain.

The movie The Crucible is a pretty good one, but nothing is as good as the book or play when put on the big screen, and this is not an expception to the rule.

One of the strongest points of the movie (which is what I think you are asking about) is the character development of John Proctor. You can feel his struggle to please his wife although their relationship isn't the best because he feels guilt for cheating on her.

A weaker point of the movie and the play is what comes of Abigail. I don't like that she gets away. I want her called to account for what she's said when Hale figures things out. It's just understood that she is out of the picture as she went away.

How did this society in which books are illegal, come about, according to Beatty?This question is from Farenheit 451.

In Fahrenheit 451, Beatty's summation of how the novel's book-banning society came about is in part one, page 58 of my edition:

There was no dictum, no declaration, no censorship, to start with, no!  Technology, mass exploitation, and minority pressure carried the trick, thank God.  Today, thanks to them, you can stay happy all the time, you are allowed to read comics, the good old confessions, or trade journals.

Three things are blamed:

1. Technology:  classics were shortened so they could be read quickly; digests developed; reading had to be quick; reading books became like checking something off of a list--you read a classic summed up in a page so you can keep up with everybody else who's reading it.


2. Mass exploitation:  fun, fun, fun, in mass.  Sports on a massive scale.  Anything so you don't have to actually think.


3. Minority pressure:  every little group complained when anything in a book offended them, and led to the point at which nothing could be written.

Societal forces, then, rather than the government, initiated the world of the novel.

What does it mean to write an essay on the significance and imagery of a play?

Your teacher probably wants you to give specific examples of the imagery used in the play and then tell how the use of this imagery adds to the play. Why does the playwright use the imagery? Imagery appeals to our five senses: taste, touch, smell, sight, hearing. What does the playwright use in the play to evoke an image in our head that lets us know what something in the play looks like, tastes like, smells like, feels like, or sounds like? That's what is meant by imagery.

For example, there are many references to decay in the lives of the Hunsdorfers that represent the theme of death in the play. The setting is the front room of the Hunsdorfer home, a rundown, wooden building that used to be a vegetable shop. The clutter of the house represents the broken bits and pieces of Beatrice's dreams. Just as she's trapped in this room during the whole play, she's trapped in these circumstances of her life. Think about the marigolds--what do they represent? Only through her marigolds does Tillie experience any growth and have the courage to pursue her dreams.

Once you get your examples of imagery that are used in the play, you can then tell how these examples make the play better or how they add to the themes of the play. I hope this helps. For more information, go to the links below. Good luck! 

What accident triggers the battle between the two armies?

In Malory's Morte d'Arthur, the two opposing armies meet face to face to talk peace.  Both armies are suspicious of the other, however, and it doesn't take much to start a fight.

An adder comes out of a bush and stings a knight in his foot.  When he raises his sword to kill the snake, everyone sees it and thinks a fight is starting.  Trumpets and horns blow, announcing battle, and the battle begins.

Arthur had planned to delay the fight until Lancelot could arrive with reinforcements, but the appearance of the adder takes care of that.

Who are the characters in Canto 3 of Dante's Inferno?

The new characters are the Uncommitted Souls that Dante and Virgil see when they enter the Vestibule of Hell. These were people who were not committed to God on earth because they couldn't make a decision for good or evil. Their punishment is to be stung by wasps and hornets as they rush about, and worms feed on their blood that drips to the floor.

The next new character Dante meets is Charon, the one who ferries travelers across the Acheron River to Hell. He reminds Dante and Virgil that those who enter Hell do not return, but Virgel tells Dante that this doesn't apply to Dante since he's still alive.

What is the theme of Shakespeare's Sonnet 18?

Nature fades but art is immortal. Though beautiful at moments in time, everything in nature enjoys but a moment of perfection. In time every virtue will be destroyed, every potential beauty ravaged by the elements, and every perfection will come to contain imperfections. In art, however, the essence of perfection will be captured. Though everything in the world dies and fades, the subject of poetry enjoys eternal life.

Are there any metaphors in the poem "Afterlife" by Sara Teasdale?or any other poetic devices

There is no magic anymore,

We meet as other people do,

You work no miracle for me,

Or I for you.

You were the wind and I the sea--

There is no splendor any more,

I have grown listless as the pool

Beside the shore.

But though the pool is safe from storm

And from the tide has found surcease,

It grows more bitter than the sea,

For all it surcease.

In "After Love" by Sara Teasdale, the words in bold are metaphors.  In the first stanza, magic and miracle are metaphors that in which the figurative comparisons are named, but the literal are not.  Magic is a metaphor for the esctatic feelings of the lover for another, but the speak no longer has these feelings.  Likewise, miracle suggests the feelings that transform her as a person of great joy and happiness when she sees her lover.

In the second stanza, there are two metaphors that name both the literal and the figurative meanings:  the lover as the wind and the speaker being the sea, with a tide of emotions--an implication that the speaker has been energized by the love, driven by him. Now, without him, she is merely a pool of standing water that has grown "listless as the pool" [simile] without the excitement of the tide, the lover.

Finally in the third stanza, the speaker does not find happiness--only "surcease" without the lover--for without him the pool becomes "bitter" [personification] in spite of all its peace and sucease.  It stagnates.

Name and discuss three ways in which the word Earnest is interpreted)This question is based on the play: The importance of being Earnest by Oscar...

To be "Earnest" is to be sincere, and honest. However, in a play of "trivialities", the opposite of what is said is what is true. In this particular aspect, when at the end it says

 Lady Bracknell:    “My nephew, you seem to be displaying signs of triviality.”
Jack:    “On the contrary, Aunt Augusta, I’ve now realized for the first time in my life the vital Importance of Being Earnest.”

What is really happening is that Earnest is giving credit to the idea of the hypocritical Victorian society which claims its own earnestness, honesty, and virtue, but lives a double life (much like Earnest himself) of snobbery, and shallowness.

Another meaning for Earnest, is "serious", yet, the relationship between he and Algy is not a serious one at all- they both go and eat out, rake huge bills, and they even hide their alter egos from each other until the moment Algy discovers that Earnesta is also named "Jack (in the country)". Therefore, it is another triviality that someone whose name and rank in life as a guardian and landowner means seriousness, also happens to live a life of debauchery and aloofness. It is specifically stated when Algernon says:

Algernon. You have always told me it was Ernest. I have introduced you to every one as Ernest. You answer to the name of Ernest. You look as if your name was Ernest. You are the most earnest-looking person I ever saw in my life. It is perfectly absurd your saying that your name isn’t Ernest.

The final meaning of Earnest that I can think of is "worthy of trust", as his name is "Earnest Worthing". This is a suggestion, as it is known that the name "Worthing" could have been used because it was the place where Wilde wrote the play. However, the fact that his name was Earnest Worthing made Gwendolyn feel "vibrations" and when she said:

Gwendolen. Jack?… No, there is very little music in the name Jack, if any at all, indeed. It does not thrill. It produces absolutely no vibrations… I have known several Jacks, and they all, without exception, were more than usually plain. Besides, Jack is a notorious domesticity for John! And I pity any woman who is married to a man called John. She would probably never be allowed to know the entrancing pleasure of a single moment’s solitude. The only really safe name is Ernest.

However, scholars also argue that the name "Earnest" is a code word for Uranian, which is a secret homosexual term used by the literati back in Victorian times, which originated in Germany. Being that Wilde loved to play with codes, it is assumed that the entire play was an allegory to his own personal life, and that he used code words as signals to his Uranian followers to take a different perspective in the story.

Comment on the use of irony in Antony's speech in Act III of Julius Caesar.

Antony uses much verbal irony (says one thing but means another as an indirect means of persuasion).  His overall goal is to rally the people behind him, his words, and Caesar, but Antony says just the opposite: "Let me not stir you up / To such a sudden flood of mutiny."

There are three types of verbal irony: sarcasm, overstatement, and understatement. See examples below:

Sarcasm: "The noble Brutus."

Sarcasm: "Brutus is an honorable man."

Overstatement: "O, you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him (him)!"

Overstatement: "...put a tongue / In every wound of Caesar that should move / The stones of Rome to rise and mutiny."

Understatement: "You are not wood, you are not stones, but men."

Understatement: "The evil that men do lives after them."

Understatement:"I am no orator..."

Explain with reference to context the following lines from Hamlet.'Tis now the very witching time of night, When churchyards yawn and hell itself...

In Shakespeare's Hamlet, the lines you quote are from Act 3.2.356-360. 

Before Hamlet speaks these lines, he gets the proof he's been waiting for that the Ghost is telling him the truth and that Claudius is definitely guilty of assassinating King Hamlet. 

In these lines Hamlet emphatically claims that he is now ready for action.  He's ready to get revenge and kill Claudius.

Specifically, Hamlet says that it is the witching hour, the dead of night, the time of night when graves and graveyards open and hell breathes stench upon the world.  Now could he drink hot blood and do things (like kill Claudius) that the day would be afraid to look at. 

Of course, Hamlet doesn't immediately act and get his revenge.  He has an opportunity when Claudius is alone and praying, but Hamlet does not want to send Claudius to heaven by killing him just after he's confessed his sins.  By failing at this point, Hamlet brings about the catastrophe at the conclusion of the play, resulting in many more deaths than necessary. 

What are some techniques for making the customer feel that he or she is No. 1?(ie.) Customer Service Skills

The most important requirement of making the customer feel that he or she No. 1, is to realize that the customer satisfaction is most important for success of any business. Once top management of a company is convinced about this truth, it must educate all its employees about the importance of the customer. Customer satisfaction is the result of contribution of all the employees in the company, and unless they all believe in and strive to achieve total customer satisfaction, the company cannot make each and every customer feel that he or she is being treated as No. 1. The previous post has indicated the need of being genuine with customers. This quality of "being genuine" requires conviction of this type.

Once the organization is steeped in the basic philosophy of the importance of customer, the every one in the organization will automatically strive to treat every customer as No. 1, rather than just make him feel that he or she is being treated like one. To satisfy the customer  it is necessary to be clear about the way in which the organization is striving to please the customer. An organization cannot meet each and every requirements of every customer. The customer satisfaction is possible only when customer is clear about what to expect from the organization and finds that his or her expectations are being met. The expectations of a customer in a fast food restaurant, and in a sophisticated seven star restaurant are quite different, and each needs to satisfy its customer in a different way.

All the previous steps only prepare the foundation for providing top class customer service. These steps are important without which no real achievement is possible. The detailed work of actually satisfying the customer follows after the foundation is ready. This involves several actions. The first is to design and install suitable systems and procedures in the organization that can deliver the required level of customer service. Implementation of these procedure require right kind of capable people who are properly motivated. This requires right kind of human resources management in the organization. Another important aspect is the service control and service recovery processes. Thing do not always move as planned. Therefor it is necessary to regularly monitor the actual work against plans and take necessary corrective action for improvement as desired.

Also, treating customer as No. 1, does not mean that a company can never fail. The work in an average organization is too complex and there are too many uncertainties involved to eliminate all possible mistakes and accidental shortfalls in customer service. The right way to deal with such unavoidable shortfalls in customer service to have suitable service recovery procedures that take prompt and effective action to set right what has gone wrong, and compensate the customer for any inconvenience or losses incurred.

What does the author mean by "Better an unjust God than an indifferent one?in reference to "The Perils of Indifference"

I think is what the author is trying to say is that it is better that there is a God who cares than one who does not care at all.

The word "unjust" means that sometimes things happen that cannot be justified. Bad things happen to good people. We do not know why God has chosen to take someone away from us or let bad things happen to them. To us, it is very unjust.

Indifferent simply means that it does not make a difference either way. It implies that God doe snot care. Even if we cannot understand why God has chosen something, he has done it for some reason.

God offers serenity to many people. Faith is also a very important concept here. People who believe in God have faith and they trust that whatever decisions God has made, they are just.

Describe 'Computer Fraud' and give a simple example of what a student working with IT in a school/college should look out for?

Computer Fraud is the utilization of a computer as a way to access any form of intelligence that is meant to be privileged, private, controlled, limited and safeguarded via illegal and illicit ways.

These ways include scams, hacking, misrepresentation, stealing identities, breaking security codes, or accessing off limits areas using someone else's privileges. A very delicate type of fraud includes using someone else's computer to produce hoaxes, bullying e-mails, or even chain letters and money scams.

A student of IT has to realize that their computers and the technological privileges that they will obtain in the corporations that will hire them put them in a very critical and delicate position where their own professional integrity and etiquette will weigh in. As the protectors of the company's information backbone, they will need to trust no one and accept that they may become targets, and their information might be hacked by someone at some point.

Therefore, the IT professional literally holds the key to the personal, private, public, financial, legal, and ethical information of an entire business. It is important that students of IT understand their roles and how important their personal and professional integrity will be for the benefit of their corporations. They definitely are the most important elements of future fields.

High school students of IT have to protect their passwords and keep their private information away from the computers in which they work because anyone could steal this information by stealing their passwords, or by hacking their computer. Protection is key and what is private should remain private. Using the rights to access information properly saves a lot of time and work in the long run.