That is a great question and it has been addressed accurately by the previous answers. I would like to add that it is interesting that Romanticism would actually be the opposite of romance in the modern sense. When you read a modern romance novel you see a lot of exaggeration, and utter rubbish. The language might be overworked, the characters described quite superficially, and the purpose of romance modern novels is mainly to purely entertain.
The Romantics of the Romantic movement had a different purpose: They wanted to break with the superficial, and indulge in accepting nature and pure character as two very beautiful things, no matter if they were not aesthetically "pretty".
If you think about it, Frankenstein, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, and novels of this sort are considered part of the Romantic movement. Even with their deformed and disgusting characters, what they try to do is to convey the beauty of life, and the charm of existence. They explore the essence of the self, and not the qualities of outer beauty. This is what makes the biggest difference.
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